Design and Expected Performance of GISMO-2, a Two Color Millimeter Camera for the IRAM 30 m Telescope

We present the main design features for the GISMO-2 bolometer camera, which we build for background-limited operation at the IRAM 30 m telescope on Pico Veleta, Spain. GISMO-2 will operate simultaneously in the 1 and 2 mm atmospherical windows. The 1 mm channel uses a \(32 \times 40\) TES-based backshort under grid (BUG) bolometer array, the 2 mm channel operates with a \(16 \times 16\) BUG array. The camera utilizes almost the entire full field of view provided by the telescope. The optical design of GISMO-2 was strongly influenced by our experience with the GISMO 2 mm bolometer camera, which is successfully operating at the 30 m telescope. GISMO is accessible to the astronomical community through the regular IRAM call for proposals.     

Internationalization of peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed book publications in the Social Sciences and Humanities

In this article barycenters of the places of publication of monographs, edited books and book chapters are used to represent the internationalization of research in the Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) as practiced at universities in Flanders (Belgium). Our findings indicate that, in terms of places of publication, the distance between peer reviewed and non-peer reviewed SSH book literature is growing. Whereas peer reviewed books are increasingly published abroad and in English, non-peer reviewed book literature remains firmly domestic and published in the Dutch language. This divergence is more the case for the Social Sciences than for the Humanities. For Law we have found a pattern along the lines of the Social Sciences. We discuss these findings in view of the two main readerships of SSH publications: international academia on the one hand, and a mostly domestic intelligentsia on the other.     

Engineering Analysis of Failure: A Determination of Cause Method

The purpose of this article is to present an engineering method for the determination of cause by the identification of defects that lead to failure. Further discussion on this topic is of course warranted and this article is anticipated to catalyze such discussions. In order to facilitate the development and presentation of this cause determination method, the definition of defect as it relates to failure is first presented. While not all failures are the result of defects (and not all defects result in failures), identification of a defect may point to opportunities to prevent recurrence and assist in the determination of cause. Furthermore, use of this method also serves to identify causes of failure that are not attributable just to the actions of responsible parties: such as wear and tear, acts of nature, and the unknown. Once the cause is identified, the resolution, recovery, and recurrence prevention process then has the opportunity to move forward. To further demonstrate application of the cause determination method presented here, case studies of failures are provided.     

Development, fabrication, and test of a modular eddy current micro sensor on a flexible polymer foil

This paper describes the development and fabrication of a modular eddy current micro sensor on a flexible polymer foil. Due to handling purposes during the micro sensor fabrication process the modular eddy current micro sensors are fabricated on a temporary Si substrate. To enable a release of the micro sensors at the end of the fabrication process, initial investigations concentrated on the proof of principle applying a deep reactive-ion etching (DRIE) process to structure the Si wafer. The DRIE process was used to structure Si frames, which serve as carriers for the modular micro sensors. For the evaluation of the fabricated eddy current micro sensors, electrical resistance measurements were accomplished with the integrated anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR) sensor. The aim of these investigations was to evaluate the influence of the substrate material on the characteristics of the AMR sensor. The electrical output signal of these micro sensors were subsequently compared to electrical resistance measurements of identical AMR sensors fabricated on a Si substrate and served as reference. To prove the capability of the completed eddy current micro sensors, a defect in form of a scratch was created on the surface of a Cu probe and investigated by eddy current testing. The electrical output signal of the eddy current micro sensor was subsequently compared to an optical measurement of the surface profile of this scratch. There is a high correlation between the optical measurements and the signal of the eddy current micro sensor.     

Determination of Carbohydrate‐Binding Preferences of Human Galectins with Carbohydrate Microarrays

Galectins are a class of carbohydrate‐binding proteins named for their galactose‐binding preference and are involved in a host of processes ranging from homeostasis of organisms to immune responses. As a first step towards correlating the carbohydrate‐binding preferences of the different galectins with their biological functions, we determined carbohydrate recognition fine‐specificities of galectins with the aid of carbohydrate microarrays. A focused set of oligosaccharides considered relevant to galectins was prepared by chemical synthesis. Structure–activity relationships for galectin–sugar interactions were determined, and these helped in the establishment of redundant and specific galectin actions by comparison of binding preferences. Distinct glycosylations on the basic lactosyl motifs proved to be key to galectin binding regulation—and therefore galectin action—as either high‐affinity ligands are produced or binding is blocked. High‐affinity ligands such as the blood group antigens that presumably mediate particular functions were identified.     

Applying heat integration total site based pinch technology to a large industrial area in Japan to further improve performance of highly efficient process plants

“Area-wide pinch technology” which consists of R-curve analysis and Site Source Sink Profile (SSSP) analysis, was applied to Kashima industrial area, one of the biggest heavy chemical complexes in Japan. This case study demonstrates that despite the very high efficiency of the individual sites in the complex, there is a huge amount of energy saving potential through energy sharing among the various sites. In addition it was found that appropriate use of the available pinch technology tools and techniques allows an industrial area of enormous scale and complexity to be analysed conveniently. This has resulted in practical area-wide energy saving projects being proposed and implemented.     

3D-FE-Analysis of CT-specimens including viscoplastic material behavior and nonlocal damage

In order to describe the time-dependent inelastic behavior of steel structures up to failure, a material model is developed within the framework of thermodynamics considering viscoplastic material behavior, isotropic hardening, softening, and isotropic ductile damage. Since softening and damage lead to localization of deformations, the model is extended by a non-local implicit gradient formulation. An additional gradient equation is formulated for the local damage variable in order to achieve results independent of the finite-element discretization. The approach is verified by 3D-structural analysis of CT-specimens.     

Fabrication of Si–C–N compounds in silicon carbide by ion implantation

The chemical variation and depth profile of silicon carbide implanted with nitrogen and overgrown with epitaxial layer has been studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results of this study have been supplemented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and electron energy loss-spectroscopy (EELS) in an attempt to correlate the chemical and structural information. Our results indicate that the nitrogen implantation into silicon carbide results in the formation of the Si–C–N layer. XPS revealed significant change in the bonding structure and chemical states in the implanted region. XPS results can be interpreted in terms of the silicon nitride and silicon carbonitride nanocrystals formation in the implanted region which is supported by the electron microscopy and spectroscopy results.